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Liquid heating

Immersion heater

An electrical resistance heating element enclosed in a tube and inserted into the water (or other fluid) being heated is what makes up an immersion heater. To prevent corrosion and make maintenance easier, the heating element can either be put inside a metal conduit or injected directly into the liquid. Since they are designed to be used just temporarily and under the supervision of an operator, portable immersion heaters might not feature a control thermostat.

Permanently placed heating components in an insulated hot water tank may be used for home hot water delivery or industrial process hot water, with the temperature being controlled by a thermostat. Few kilowatts is the maximum rating for household appliances. A commercial water heater may have a 2000 kilowatt capacity. Whenever off-peak electric tariffs are offered, permanently placed heating components in an insulated hot water tank may be used for home hot water delivery or industrial process hot water, with the temperature being controlled by a thermostat. Few kilowatts is the maximum rating for household appliances. A commercial water heater may have a 2000 kilowatt capacity. Hot water can be kept on hand for use when necessary and stored when off-peak electric power rates are available.


An immersion heater (shielded or naked) that is activated with the flow of water is also used in electric showers and tankless heaters. To provide various heating levels, a collection of independent heaters can be switched. Tankless heaters and electric showers often consume between 3 and 10.5 kilowatts.


The heating element surface may develop a hard scale from minerals present in the water supply that precipitated out of solution, or the minerals may settle to the bottom of the tank and obstruct water flow. Periodic clearance of accumulated scale and silt may be necessary for maintaining water heating equipment. Scale production can be decreased in areas with water supplies that are known to be heavily mineralized by employing low-wattage heating elements.

Circulation heaters

Heating elements are immediately inserted into a "shell side" medium in circulation heaters, also known as "direct electric heat exchangers" (DEHE). Electric circulation heaters are 100% efficient because all of the heat they produce is delivered into the medium. In industrial operations, liquids and gases are heated using direct electric heat exchangers, sometimes known as "circulation heaters."


Electrode heater

Since there is no wire-wound resistance in an electrode heater, the liquid itself serves as the resistance. Because of the inherent risks, electrode heaters are subject to stringent restrictions.


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